Myanmar
Myanmar has an especially notable endemic freshwater fish fauna. Inle Lake (NCBI) is home to at least 13 species found nowhere else including the Inle Spiny Eel Macrognathus caudiocellatusi (FishBase), the Inle Loach (Seriously Fish), Inlecypris auropurpureus (Hippocampus), and the endemic genera Sawbwa (ARKive WM) and Microrasbora (Seriously Fish). Other genera unique to Myanmar include a freshwater stingray Makararaja (mitv) (Internet Archive), the Eyespot Gourami (Seriously Fish), the Burmese Mullet (FishBase), the catfishes Ayarnangra (PlanetCatfish) and Caelatoglanis (PlanetCatfish), an earthworm eel Pillaiabrachia (Shoal), a ricefish Nasutoryzias (aqua WM), and several loaches: Malihkaia (ResearchGate), Quintabarbates (aqua WM), and Kayahschistura (Semantic Scholar). Other endemics include one of the world's smallest fish Danionella translucida (Danios and Devarios WM), the Myanmar Arowana (aqua WM), the Zebra Archerfish (FishBase), Badis corycaeus (FishBase), the Panaw Snakehead (Aquarium Glaser), Chaca burmensis (scotcat.com), a glassperch Parambassis tenasserimensis (Internet Archive), the Armored Stickleback (Seriously Fish), a leaffish Pristolepis pauciradiata (ResearchGate), a barb Pethia didi (Seriously Fish), the Burmese Eel Goby Brachyamblyopus burmanicus (p. 4 of Fauna of India WM pdf), the Glowlight Danio (Wikipedia), Garra flavatra (Seriously Fish), the exceptionally loud Danionella cerebrum (PNAS), and the Dracula Fish (BBC WM).
Marine fish known only from Burma include the Roundhead
Soldierfish (FishBase),
the Andaman Fanray (shark-references.com),
Emma's Basslet (GBIF),
the Andaman Sandperch (ResearchGate),
Mya Than Tun's Perchlet (GBIF),
Alvheim's Puffer (ResearchGate),
the Sevenstriped Deepwater Goby (ResearchGate),
the Andaman Splendid Perch (PLAZI),
Emanuela's Boarfish (GBIF),
the Deepwater Demonic Snake Eel (GBIF),
the Skinny Gurnard (Species
New to Science), and the Andaman Spiny Dragonet (fig. 138 at ResearchGate).
Reptiles found only in Myanmar include the Burmese Peacock Softshell
Turtle (WCT),
the Burmese Star Tortoise (ARKive
WM),
the Burmese Roofed Turtle (ARKive
WM), the Collared Forest
Lizard Calotes
chincollium (BHL),
the Bago Yoma Bent-toed Gecko Cyrtodactylus
meersi
(Species
New to Science),
the Mount Popa Parachute Gecko (GBIF),
the Mount Victoria Fan-throated Lizard Ptyctolaemus collicristatus
(BHL),
the Mount Victoria Ground Skink
Scincella victoriana (BHL),
Uetz's Pitviper (Species
New to Science), the
Burmese Krait
Bungarus
magnimaculatus (BHL),
the Burmese Spitting Cobra (ResearchGate)
(CAS
WM),
Vindum's Slug-eating Snake
(Species
New to Science), the Splendid Kukri Snake (iNaturalist),
the Burmese Pipe Snake (iNaturalist),
and the Burmese Short-tailed Python Python kyaiktiyo (ResearchGate). Endemic genera
include the mud snakes Gyiophis
(GBIF)
(iNaturalist)
and Myanophis
(GBIF).
Amphibians restricted to Myanmar include the Tanintharyi Stream Toad (Species
New to Science), a toad Duttaphrynus
crocus (BHL), the Toungoo Frog Humerana oatesii (BHL),
the Indoburman Torrent Frog (iNaturalist),
the
Adung Lazy Toad (BHL),
a puddle frog Phrynoglossus
myanhessei (ResearchGate),
the fanged frogs Limnonectes
bagoensis and Limnonectes
bagoyoma (both at Species
New to Science), the Irrawady Narrowmouth Frog (iNaturalist),
the tree frogs Theloderma
phrynoderma (ResearchGate)
and Chiromantis punctatus (BHL),
and
the newts Tylototriton
kachinorum (NIH)
and Tylototriton
ngarsuensis (ResearchGate).
Birds known solely from Myanmar include the Burmese
Collared Dove (eBird),
the Irrawaddy
Broadbill (BHL),
Jerdon's
Minivet (eBird),
the
Hooded Treepie (eBird),
the
Burmese Bushlark (eBird),
the Gray-crowned Bulbul (Cornell),
the
Pale-eyed Bulbul (eBird),
the
Ayeyarwady Bulbul (eBird),
the
Naung Mung Wren-babbler (Google
Books) (Planet
of Birds),
the
White-throated Babbler (eBird),
and
the
White-browed Nuthatch (eBird). Gurney's Pitta (eBird)
may survive only in Myanmar.
The Burmese Tit (eBird)
and the Burmese Prinia (eBird)
are also sometimes considered full species.The
recently rediscovered Myanmar
subspecies of Jerdon's Babbler may also be a full species (OBC
pdf).
Endemic mammals include the Popa Langur (Mongabay),
Cranbrook's Goral (ResearchGate)
(ScienceSource),
the Hkakabo Razi Tube-nosed Bat Murina
hkakaboraziensis
(ResearchGate),
the Burmese Pipistrelle (IUCN)
(BHL),
the House-dwelling Leaf-nosed Bat Hipposideros
einnaythu (flickr),
the Little Burmese Field Mouse (ResearchGate),
Blyth's
Mouse (GBIF),
the
Burmese
Soft-furred Rat Millardia
kathleenae (IUCN)
(BHL),
and
Cranbrook's White-toothed Shrew (GBIF).
The Burmese Brow-antlered Deer or Thamin (ARKive
WM) (iNaturalist)
is sometimes considered a full species.
Butterflies known only from Myanmar include Allaemona
prasopsuki (jpmoth
WM), Euthalia
takeru (p. 5 of J-STAGE
pdf),
Euthalia pseudonara
(p. 8 of J-STAGE
pdf), and Ypthima
shimai and Ypthima shirozui
(both at ZSI
pdf). Endemic moths include
an emperor moth Saturnia
victoria (fig. 59 at ZOBODAT
pdf), and a tiger moth Eospilarctia
naumanni
(Wikipedia).
Insects unique to Myanmar include a stick insect Dajaca nigrolineata (Phasmatodea.com), a stag beetle Lucanus prossi (Coleoptera-Atlas WM), the longhorn beetles Glenea pseudoindiana (ResearchGate) and Cleomenes putaoensis (Cerambycidae Species WM), a scarab Termitotrox icarus (Species New to Science), a darkling beetle Bamarosis fouquei (GBIF), a ground beetle Salcedia parallela (GBIF), a tiger beetle Calochroa horii (GBIF), a leaf beetle Dermatodina szypulai (Dr. Lech Borowiec WM pdf), a click beetle Xanthopenthes burmensis (Elateridae), a dobsonfly Protohermes burmanus (GBIF), an ant Stigmatomma feae (AntWiki), a cricket Gymnogryllus birmanus (GBIF), the grasshoppers Genimen victoriae (OSF) and Burmorthacris subaptera (iNaturalist), a caddisfly Adicella natmataungensis (DEZ), a damselfly Bayadera kinnara (Semantic Scholar), and a dragonfly Onychogomphus maclachlani (GBIF), .
Other endemic invertebrates include the tarantulas Chilobrachys bicolor (birdspiders.com WM) and Ornithoctonus andersoni (p. 8 of Boris Striffler WM pdf), a crab spider Sanmenia nigra (ResearchGate), a harvestman Scotomenia cetrata (GBIF), a scorpion Plethoscorpiops profusus (ResearchGate), the dragon millipedes Spinaxytes efefi (ZooKeys) and Desmoxytes waepyanensis (ZooKeys), a cave-dwelling dipluran Anisuracampa ywangana (GBIF), an earthworm Amynthas whitteni (Species New to Science), a landhopper Myanmarorchestia peterjaegeri (ZooKeys), the freshwater crabs Inlethelphusa acanthica (Species New to Science) and Indochinamon khinpyae (ZooKeys), and the freshwater shrimps Caridina annandalei (BHL) and Macrobrachium patheinense (BHL).
Endemic
molluscs include the freshwater mussels Indonaia
rectangularis
(ZooKeys)
and Trapezidens yeti
(fig. e at ResearchGate),
the freshwater snails Gabbia
alticola (fig. 6 at BHL)
and Taia intha
(fig. 7 at BHL),
and a marine chiton Leptochiton
myeikensis (J-STAGE
pdf).
Land snails include Indonenia
excellens (GBIF),
Rhiostoma haughtoni
(GBIF),
Burmochlamys versicolor
(ZooKeys),
Dicharax ataranensis
(GBIF),
Discartemon tonywhitteni
(ZooKeys),
and Amphidromus janus
(figs. 9F-G at ZooKeys).
Plants that are exclusive to Myanmar include many orchids such
as Thunia brymeriana (IOPSE
WM),
Coelogyne putaoensis
(ResearchGate),
Phalaenopsis
natmataungensis (phals.net
WM),
and
Paphiopedilum myanmaricum
(Orchid
Roots).
Other
plants unique to Myanmar include Rhododendron
burmanicum (Wikimedia
Commons), Rhododendron recurvoides
(ARS),
Curcuma kayahensis
(NMNS), Impatiens kingdon-wardii (ResearchGate),
Sapria myanmarensis
(ResearchGate),
Acranthera
burmanica (ResearchGate),
Cryptocoryne cruddasiana
(Crypts
Pages WM), the Persian Shield (mobot),
Amomum ampliflorum
(Fig. 2B at ScienceDirect),
Amorphophallus
angustispathus (IAS
WM), Larsenianthus wardianus
(Wikispecies),
Magnolia kachinensis
(ResearchGate),
Begonia casseabri
(ResearchGate),
Eriobotrya shanense
(ResearchGate),
and Argostemma victorianum
(Internet
Archive).
Endemic vascular plant genera include the Pride of Burma (ARKive WM), Hitchenia (HTBG WM), Spathichlamys (JSTOR), Veldkampia (JJB WM pdf), Myanmaria (GBIF), Myanmaranthus (ResearchGate), and Woodburnia (BHL) (POWO).
Endemic
non-vascular plants include the mosses Fissidens pseudoanomalus
(GBIF),
Nanomitriella ciliata
(BHL)
(CNABH),
and Macromitrium
dickasonii (GBIF).
Portions of Myanmar are included in two biodiversity hotspots:
Indo-Burma (Biodiversity
Hotspots WM)
and
Himalaya (Biodiversity
Hotspots WM).
The Irrawaddy Dry
Forests (EoE)
is an ecoregion restricted to Myanmar. In addition to Lake
Inle, the Sitang-Irawaddy (FEOW
WM)
and Lower & Middle Salween (FEOW
WM)
are important freshwater ecoregions.