Burundi

The cichlid Neolamprologus schreyeni (Cichlid Room Companion) has been found only along a short stretch of Lake Tanganyika. Two additional cichlids, Orthochromis mazimeroensis (FishBase) and Orthochromis mosoensis (FishBase), are known only from the upper Malagarasi drainage. A walking catfish Clariallabes mutsindoziensis (FishBase) is also confined to the Malagarasi basin. A recently described claroteid catfish Chrysichthys acsiorum (PlanetCatfish) is known only from near Kajaga in Lake Tanganyika.

The Mosso Screeching Frog Arthroleptis (or Schoutedenella) mossoensis (IUCN Red List) and the Central River Frog Phrynobatrachus sulfureogularis (African Amphibians Lifedesk) are both known solely from their type localities.

The Bururi Forest Shrew Myosorex bururiensis (BioOne) was described in 2010.

Invertebrates unique to Burundi include a longhorned beetle Glenea vingerhoedti (Charaxes), a ground beetle Stuhlmannium mirabilis (Carabidae of the World), the ground spiders Zelotibia angelica (Wikispecies) and Zelotibia fosseyae (Wikispecies), the zodariid spiders Microdiores rwegura and Microdiores violaceus (both at ZooKeys), and a fairy shrimp Streptocephalus caljoni (SpringerLink).

The number of endemic vascular plants in Burundi has been estimated at 25 species. These include several orchids: Polystachya maculata (IOPSE), Polystachya couloniana (JSTOR), Polystachya walravensiana (JSTOR), Habenaria lewallei (JSTOR), and Diaphananthe arbonnieri (JSTOR). Other plants known only from Burundi include Amorphophallus lewallei (IAS), Sabicea becquetii (JSTOR), Bidens burundiensis (JSTOR), Barleria superata (ingentaconnect), Bulbostylis nemoides (Tropicos), Wahlenbergia petraea (JSTOR), Otiophora rupicola (JSTOR), Leucas urundensis (JSTOR), Sericanthe burundensis (JSTOR), Streptocarpus burundianus (JSTOR), Grangea jeffreyana (JSTOR), and Blepharis burundiensis (JSTOR).

Parts of Burundi are included in the Eastern Afromontane biodiversity hotspot (Biodiversity Hotspots). Lake Tanganyika (FEOW), one of the oldest and deepest lakes in the world, is exceptionally rich in endemic freshwater species.