Ecuador

The Tube-lipped Nectar Bat Anoura fistulata (IUCN pdf file) has proportionally the longest tongue of any mammal. Other endemic mammal species include the Galapagos Sea Lion (ARKive), the Galapagos Fur Seal (ARKive), a shrew-opossum Caenolestes condorensis (NYSM), the Streaked Dwarf Porcupine Sphiggurus ichillus (p. 21 of AMNH Digital Library pdf file), the Santiago Galapagos Rice Rat (ARKive), the Las Cajas Water Mouse (Univ. Florida), the Ecuadorean Grass Mouse (ARKive), the Ecuador Fish-eating Rat (IUCN Red List), and a recently described mountain viscacha Lagidium ahuacaense (Wikipedia).

The Galapagos Islands has four endemic bird genera represented by the Galapagos Mockingbird (ARKive), the Medium Ground Finch (ARKive), the Woodpecker Finch (ARKive), and the Warbler Finch (IBC). Other endemic birds in the Galapagos include the Galapagos Penguin (ARKive), the Flightless Cormorant (ARKive), and the Waved Albatross (ARKive). Birds endemic to the mainland include the El Oro Parakeet (BirdLife Int'l), the Black-breasted Puffleg (Fundacion Jocotoco), the Violet-throated Metaltail (Mangoverde), the Esmeraldas Woodstar (Neotropical Birds), and the Pale-headed Brush Finch (ARKive).

Reptiles unique to the Galapagos include the Galapagos Land Iguana (ARKive), the Marine Iguana (ARKive), the Galapagos Lava Lizard (ADW), and the Galapagos Giant Tortoise (ARKive). Reptiles endemic to the mainland include the Horned Anole Anolis proboscis (Tropical Herping), the Keeled Whorltail Iguana Stenocercus varius (QCAZ), Riama stigmatoral (flickr), Teuchocercus keyi (p. 25 of Check List pdf file), a gecko Lepidoblepharis buchwaldi (ReptiliaWebEcuador), the Ecuadorian Toad-headed Pit-viper Bothrocophias campbelli (flickr), the Lojan Lancehead Bothrops lojanus (Reptile Database), the Ecuador Snail-eater Dipsas oreas (p. 36 of Harvard pdf file), Liophis vitti (ReptiliaWebEcuador), and the Catamayo Coral Snake Micrurus catamayensis (ReptiliaWebEcuador).

A rich endemic amphibian fauna includes the Napo Plump Toad Osornophryne antisana (AmphibiaWebEcuador), the Rio Pescado Stubfoot Toad Atelopus balios (QCAZ), the Palanda Rocket Frog Hyloxalus (or Colostethus) cevallosi (QCAZ), the Black Water Frog Telmatobius niger (ARKive), the Silver Marsupial Frog Gastrotheca plumbea (QCAZ), a glass frog Chimerella mariaelenae (AmphibiaWeb), the Carchi Andes Toad Andinophryne colomai (QCAZ), the Coastal Ecuador Smoky Jungle Frog Leptodactylus peritoaktites (Leptodactylus), and the Northwestern Mushroomtongue Salamander Bolitoglossa sima (Fundacion Jocotoco).

Freshwater fish found only in Ecuador include a characin Hyphessobrycon ecuadorensis (FishBase), the cichlids Apistogramma payaminonis (FishBase) and Bujurquina zamorensis (Cichlid Room Companion), and a knifefish Gymnotus esmeraldas (FLMNH). Endemic freshwater genera include the Pink Diamond Tetra Rhoadsia (FishBase), Iotabrycon (Freshwater Fishes of W. Ecuador), Landonia (Freshwater Fishes of W. Ecuador), a loricariid catfish Isorineloricaria (PlanetCatfish), and the heptapterid catfish Horiomyzon (ACSI). Marine fish restricted to the Galapagos include the Black-striped Salema (STRI), the Shortfin Sand Stargazer (STRI), the Galapagos Rock Croaker (STRI), the Side-blotch Serrano (STRI), the Intermediary Blenny (STRI), and Cable's Goby (STRI).

Insects restricted to Ecuador's mainland include a damselfly Heteropodagrion sanguinipes (ARKive), a stag beetle Sphaenognathus oberon (New World Scarab Beetles), a katydid Lichenodraculus matti (OSF), a silk moth Copaxa intermediata (Kirby Wolfe), and several butterflies: Heliconius timareta (sangay.eu), Papilio epenetus (swallowtails.net), Busbiina bosora (Butterflies of America), Catasticta ludovici (sangay.eu), Greta lydia (sangay.eu), Brevioleria coenina (Ithomiinae), and Penaincisalia andreae (p. 7 of Butterflies of Ecuador pdf file). Invertebrates endemic to the Galapagos include the Galapagos Scorpion Centruroides exsul (Univ. Maryland), the Painted Locust Schistocerca melanocera (CalPhotos), the Galapagos Blue Butterfly Leptodes parrhasioides (noah), flightless weevils Galapaganus (Wellesley), a land snail Bulimulus reibischi (ARKive), a nudibranch Tambja mullineri (Sea Slug Forum), and the Floreana Coral Tubastraea floreana (ARKive).

The mainland has over 4000 endemic species including Fuchsia vulcanica (MOBOT), Ecuadendron acosta-solisianum (Field Museum), Psammisia ecuadorensis (NYBG), the Apparating Moon-gentian (Gentian Research Network), Nototriche hartwegii (MOBOT), Phaedranassa tunguraguae (Caudiciform), Tiputinia foetida (Catherine L. Woodward), Mutisia magnifica (IUCN Red List), Tillandsia cyanea (f-lohmueller.de), Puya nutans (FCBS), and several orchids: Dracula vampira (ARKive), Konantzia minutiflora (IOPSE), and an undescribed Platystele that is the world's smallest orchid (GrrlScientist). Plants found exclusively in the Galapagos include the the Giant Daisy Trees (ARKive), the Galapagos Rock Purslane (Caudiciform), Darwiniothamnus (CDF), Lecocarpus (CalPhotos), the Lava Cactus (ARKive), and the Candelabra Cactus (ARKive).

Portions of Ecuador are included in the Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena (Biodiversity Hotspots) and the Tropical Andes (Biodiversity Hotspots) biodiversity hotspots. The Galapagos Islands (EoE) are famous for their highly endemic biota. Important freshwater ecoregions for endemism include the North Andean Pacific Slopes - Rio Atrato (FEOW), the Amazonas High Andes (FEOW), and the.Western Amazon Piedmont (FEOW).