Indonesia

Indonesia has more unique species of mammals, birds, and butterflies than any other country in the world and is one of the main contenders (along with Australia and Brazil) for most species of endemic life. Much of Indonesia is included in the Sundaland (Biodiversity Hotspots) and Wallacea (Biodiversity Hotspots) biodiversity hotspots. Less immediately threatened, but similarly rich in endemic species, is Papua in New Guinea (WWF). Indonesia also includes most of the Sunda Islands coral reef hotspot (Reef Guardian pdf file), while the Bird's Head Peninsula of Papua is possibly the world’s richest area for marine species (Check List pdf file). Important freshwater ecoregions include the Kapuas (FEOW), Eastern Borneo (FEOW), and the Central Sulawesi Lakes (WWF).

Among two dozen species of primates found nowhere else are the Sumatran Orangutan (ARKive), the Javan Gibbon (ARKive), Kloss’s Gibbon (gibbons.de), the Sulawesi Crested Macaque (ARKive), the Simakobu (IPPL), the Mitred Leaf Monkey (ARKive), the Javan Langur (ARKive), the Javan Slow Loris (ARKive), and the Spectral Tarsier (Ecology Asia). Other endemic mammals include the Javan Rhinoceros (ARKive), Babirusa (ARKive), the Lowland Anoa (Ultimate Ungulate), the Bawean Deer (Ultimate Ungulate), the Sulawesi Palm Civet (Camera Trap Codger), the Sumatran Rabbit (EDGE), the Sulawesi Giant Squirrel (ARKive), the Flores Giant Rat (Google Books), the Sumatran Porcupine (Planet' Mammiferes), the Dingiso (PapuaWeb), the Bear Cuscus (EDGE), and the Western Long-beaked Echidna (EDGE).

Birds found exclusively in Indonesia include many spectacular birds of paradise: Wilson’s Bird-of-Paradise (ARKive), the Western Parotia (Surfbirds), the Red Bird-of-Paradise (ARKive), Wallace's Standardwing (ARKive), and the Black Astrapia (PapuaWeb). Other endemic birds include the Maleo (ARKive), Salvadori’s Pheasant (ARKive), the Javan Hawk-eagle (ARKive), the Moluccan Cockatoo (World Parrot Trust), the Red-and-blue Lory (ARKive), the Snoring Rail (BirdLife Int'l), the Western Crowned Pigeon (ARKive), the Sumba Hornbill (Oriental Bird Images), the Sumatran Ground Cuckoo (BirdLife Int'l), the Bali Myna (ARKive), the Wattled Smoky Honeyeater (CI), the Golden-fronted Bowerbird (Telegraph), the Vogelkop Bowerbird (ARKive), and the Caerulean Paradise-flycatcher (ARKive). The Yellow-flanked Whistler (IBC) is sometimes considered to be the sole member of an endemic family, the Hylocitreidae.

Reptiles known only from Indonesia include the Komodo Dragon (ARKive), Boulenger’s Tree Agama (Reptile Database), Weber’s Sailfin Lizard (Reptilis), the Sumatra Nose-horned Lizard (AG-Agamen), the color changing Kapuas Mud Snake (BBC), the Moluccan Flying Snake Chrysopelea rhodopleuron (flickr), the Moluccan Python (acreptiles.com), the Javan Spitting Cobra (Wolfgang Wüster), the Banded Pit Viper (CalPhotos), and the Roti Island Snake-necked Turtle (Wikipedia).

Endemic amphibians include the Bornean Flat-headed Frog (AmphibiaWeb), the Sulawesi Toad (Ecology Asia), the Javan Horned Frog (AmphibiaWeb), the Sabang Tree Frog (AmphibiaWeb), the Korinchi Frog (flickr), the Rough-backed Frog (Frogs of Borneo), the Javan Chorus Frog (Wikipedia), and the Sulawesi Flying Frog (flickr).

The fish family Telmatherinidae is found solely in Indonesia and includes the Celebes Rainbowfish (ARKive) and the Marine Sailfin Silversides (p. 5 of FAO pdf file). Endemic freshwater fish include the Egg-carrying Buntingi (ARKive), a stream catfish Breitensteinia insignis (Akysidae), the Redfin Dwarf Rasbora (jjphoto.dk), the Redfin River Barb (jjphoto.dk), the Lake Kurumoi Rainbowfish (ARKive), and Betta burdigala (ARKive). Endemic marine fish include the Banggai Cardinalfish (ARKive), the Indonesian Coelacanth (Smithsonian), Satomi's Pygmy Seahorse (IISE), a goby Platygobiopsis akihito (eol), Cross' Damsel (eol), and the Psychedelic Frogfish Histiophryne psychedelica (ARKive).

Butterflies restricted to Indonesia include Wallace's Golden Birdwing (ARKive), Rothschild's Birdwing (CalPhotos), the Buru Opalescent Birdwing (Tony Nagypal), Idea blanchardii (SE Asian Butterflies), and Lohora dexamenus (SE Asian Butterflies). Other endemic insects include a stag beetle Cyclommatus elaphus (BeetleSpace), the Long-armed Chafer Beetle (Wikimedia Commons), a longhorned beetle Batocera celebiana (SE Asian Beetles), a scarab Chalcothea resplendens (Käfer der Welt), a weevil Eupholus cuvieri (Käfer der Welt), a giant wasp Dalara garuda (Guardian), and Wallace’s Giant Bee (Natuurinformatie). Other endemic invertebrates include a freshwater snail Miratesta celebensis (b-cabinet), a freshwater crab Nautilothelphusa zimmeri (ARKive), a freshwater shrimp Caridina spongicola (Crusta-Fauna), an endemic family of marine shrimp Pseudochelidae (COREMAP pdf file), a coral Acropora suharsonoi (ARKive), a cone snail Conus filicinctus (Conus Biodiversity) and the Golden-mouth Volute (Eddie Hardy).

Among about 10,000 species of vascular plants found solely in Indonesia are the world's largest compound flower, the Titan Arum (Kew), Rafflesia micropylora (Parasitic Plant Connection), a pitcher plant Nepenthes spathulata (Wikipedia), the Clove (Spice Pages), the Java Ginger (Botanischer Garten Bochum), the Javanese Edelweiss (flickr), Aglaonema pictum (Int'l Aroid Soc.), and the orchids Dendrobium tobaense (Bryan Ramsay), Paphiopedilum tonsum (Paphs.net), and Phalaenopsis amboinensis (phals.net). Endemic genera include the orchids Gynoglottis (Malesian Orchid Genera) and Ceratochilus (Malesian Orchid Genera), a palm Dransfieldia (Kew), Pentastemona (PhytoImages), and a fern Thysanosoria (Kew).