Spain

Birds unique to Spain include the Dark-tailed Laurel Pigeon (Aves ibericas), the White-tailed Laurel Pigeon (BirdLife Int'l), the Fuerteventura Stonechat (ARKive), the Blue Chaffinch (ARKive), the Canary Islands Chiffchaff (ARKive), and the extinct Canary Islands Oystercatcher (Wikipedia)(Internet Archive). The Balearic Shearwater (ARKive) is endemic as a breeding species. The Canary Islands Kinglet Regulus teneriffae (flickr) is sometimes recognized as a species distinct from the Goldcrest Regulus regulus.and the Balearic Warbler Sylvia balearica (BirdGuides) is now considered distinHLct from Marmora's Warbler Sylvia sarda

Mammals found nowhere else include the Broom Hare (ARKive), the Canary Long-eared Bat (ARKive), the Canarian Shrew (Radio ECCA), and the extinct Lava Mouse (Wikipedia).  Formerly more widespread, the Iberian Lynx (ARKive) now survives only in Spain. The Cantabrian Chamois (Zona Osera) has recently been elevated to a full species.

Reptiles restricted to mainland Spain include the Spanish Keeled Lizard (ARKive), the Carpetane Rock Lizard (IUCN Red List), the Pena de Francia Rock Lizard Iberolacerta martinezricai (ARKive), and the recently described Leon Rock Lizard Iberolacerta galani (ARKive). Endemic to the Balearics are Lilford’s Wall Lizard (ARKive) and the Ibiza Wall Lizard (lacerta.de). Canarian endemics include the Hierro Giant Lizard (ARKive), the La Gomera Giant Lizard (ARKive), the Tenerife Gecko (Enciclopedia Virtual), the Canary Wall Gecko (Enciclopedia Virtual), and the Gran Canaria Skink (Reptile Database).

Amphibians exclusive to Spain include the Mallorcan Midwife Toad (EDGE), the Betic Midwife Toad (EDGE), the Spanish Painted Frog (Sierra de Baza), and the recently described Montseny Brook Newt (ARKive).

Freshwater fish restricted to Spain included the Spanish Killifish (CAE), a loach Cobitis vettonica (Ittiofauna), and several cyprinids: the Bogardilla (Ittiofauna), the Valencian Barbel (CAE), a barbel Barbus haasi (FishBase), the nases Chondrostoma turiense (marm.es pdf file) and Parachondrostoma arrigonis (ARKive), and recently described species of nase Achondrostoma salmantinum (p. 2 of UCM pdf file) and Iberochondrostoma oretanum (Ittiofauna) and chubs Squalius valentinus (CAE) and Squalius malacitanus (Ittiofauna).

Butterflies found only in Spain include the Sierra Nevada Blue (ARKive), the Canary Speckled Wood (leps.it), and the Desert Orange Tip (leps.it). Other endemic insects include a bush cricket Baetica ustulata (ARKive), a longhorned beetle Deroplia gomerae (Cerambycidae), a tiger beetle Cephalota deserticoloides (CIBIO pdf file), a cave-dwelling ground beetle Laemostenus cazorlensis (p. 6 of GEV pdf file), a weevil Lixus algirus (Radio ECCA), an ant Rossomyrmex minuchae (ARKive), and a bumblebee Bombus reinigiellus (CIBIO pdf file). Other endemic invertebrates include a cave-dwelling harvestman Maiorerus randoi (marm.es pdf file), a wolf spider Donacosa merlini (CIBIO pdf file), a cave-dwelling squat lobster Munidopsis polymorpha (flickr), a cave-dwelling shrimp Typhlatya miravetensis (uv.es), a cave-dwelling remipede Speleonectes atlantida (ScienceDaily), and the snails Hemicycla saulcyi (ARKive), Napaeus barquini (ScienceDaily), Theba impugnata (ARKive), Iberus gualtieranus (ARKive), and Suboestophora jeresae (ARKive).

Among over 1400 vascular plant species known solely from Spain are a pink Dianthus charidemi (José Quiles), the Dwarf Spanish Foxglove (Herbario Virtual), Narcissus bugei (ARKive), the Alpujarras Mallow (NHM-London), the Canary Island Date Palm (Radio ECCA), the Tower of Jewels (botany.cz), and the Canary Pine (Flora de Canarias). Endemic mainland genera include Gyrocaryum (marm.es pdf file), Rothmaleria (Waste), Guiraoa (cma.gva.es), Lafuentea (Flores de Almería), Castrilanthemum (marm.es pdf file), and Guillonea (José Quiles). Naufraga (ARKive) is found only in the Balearics. Genera unique to the Canaries include Dicheranthus (Plantas de mi tierra), Neochamaelea (Flora de Canarias), Ixanthus (Flora de Canarias), Allagopappus (Plantas de mi tierra), Parolinia (Plantas de mi tierra),Pleiomeris (ARKive), Todaroa (Flora de Canarias), Kunkeliella (Gobierno de Canarias), and Gesnouinia (Flora de Canarias).

Much of Spain is included in the Mediterranean Basin biodiversity hotspot (Biodiversity Hotspots). Important terrestrial ecoregions include the Canary Islands Dry Woodlands and Forests (EoE), the Northeastern Spain and Southern France Mediterranean Forests (EoE), and the Iberian Conifer Forests (EoE).