Turkey

Mammals found nowhere else include the Asia Minor Spiny Mouse (ARKive), the Woolly Dormouse (TRAMEM), the recently described Taurus Ground Squirrel (TRAMEM), the Anatolian Vole (NWJZ pdf file), Doğramaci’s Vole (TRAMEM), and the Jackass Shrew (IUCN Red List).

Reptiles unique to Turkey include the Central Turkish Mountain Viper (ARKive), Baran’s Adder (harabem.org), a worm snake Rhinotyphlops episcopus (flickr), a dwarf racer Eirenis hakkariensis (SysTax), a kukri snake Rhynchocalamus barani (anadolu.byegm.gov.tr), a leaf-toed gecko Asaccus barani (herpetofauna.at), and several lacertid lizards: the Anatolian Rock Lizard Lacerta (or Anatololacerta) danfordi (TrekNature), Basoglu's Racerunner Eremias suphani (lacerta.de), the Pamphylian Lizard Lacerta pamphylica (lacerta.de), the Van Lake Lizard Darevskia bendimahiensis (turkherptil.org), the Blue Rock Lizard Darevskia sapphirina (lacerta.de), and a fringe-fingered lizard Acanthodactylus harranensis (turkherptil.org).

Amphibians restricted to Turkey include the Anatolian Marsh Frog Pelophylax caralitanus (turkherptil.org), the Taurus Frog Rana holtzi (turkherptil.org), the Tavas Frog Rana tavasensis (TrekNature), the Anatolia Newt Neurergus strauchii (Naturalis), the Fazil Lycian Salamander Lyciasalamandra fazilae (ARKive), Luschan’s Salamander Lyciasalamandra billae (EDGE), Atif's Lycian Salamander Lyciasalamandra atifi (ARKive), the Marmaris Lycian Salamander Lyciasalamandra flavimembris (turkherptil.org), and the Anatolia Lycian Salamander Lyciasalamandra antalyana (AmphibiaWeb), .

Among several killifish exclusive to Turkey are Aphanius anatoliae (FishBase), Aphanius villwocki (TrekNature), Aphanius asquamatus (FishBase), and Aphanius danfordii (FishBase). Other endemic freshwater fish include the Flathead Trout Salmo platycephalus (ARKive), the loaches Cobitis splendens (p. 4 of Tubitak pdf file) and Cobitis puncticulata (ARKive), and several minnows: Alburnus akili (aQuaRiST.Gen.Tr), Capoeta pestai (FishBase), Capoeta tinca (kkgm.gov.tr), Chondrostoma beysehirense (ARKive), Acanthobrama mirabilis (SpringerLink), Pseudophoxinus anatolicus (FishBase), and the recently described Pseudophoxinus alii (FishBase).

Butterflies known only from Turkey include the Anatolian Chalk-hill Blue (Butterflies of Turkey), the Anatolian Black-Eyed Blue (Butterflies of Turkey), and the Lydian Tawny Rockbrown (Butterflies of Turkey). Other endemic insects include a bee Morawitzia mandibularis (Discover Life), a bush cricket Isophya rizeensis (FotoKritik), a tiger beetle Cephalota eiselti (koleopterologie.de), a longhorned beetle Neomusaria salvicola (Cerambycidae), a jewel beetle Agrilus kutahyanus (Dr. Lech Borowiec pdf file), and a click beetle Anostirus holtzi (Elateridae). Other endemic invertebrates include a scorpion Iurus asiaticus (Akrep ilaçlama), an amphipod crustacean Gammarus ustaoglui (Freshwater Amphipods of Turkiye), a freshwater snail Bithynia pesicii (ARKive), and several land snails: Zonites caricus (TrekNature), Paramastus spratti (Snail's Tales), Euxina hetaera (AnimalBase), Sprattia sowerbyana (Snail's Tales), and Albinaria supercarinata (AnimalBase).

Among over 2000 vascular plant species found solely in Turkey are Cyclamen trochopteranthum (Cyclamen Soc.), Lilium ciliatum (TrekNature), Fritillaria alburyana (Fritillaria Group), Tulipa gumusanica (KTÜ Orman), Muscari azureum (vanherbaryum), Crocus baytopiorum (Kew), Campanula troegerae (TrekNature), Iris histrioides (SIGNA), Ranunculus munzurensis (vanherbaryum), Aubrieta olympica (TrekNature), Phlomis russeliana (Kew), and the orchids Ophrys isaura (SOF) and Dactylorhiza nieschalkiorum (IOPSE). Endemic genera include Tchihatchewia (Flowers of Turkey), Cyathobasis (khgm.gov.tr), Nephelochloa (BGBM), Oreopoa (p. 3 of BGBM pdf file), Dorystoechas (Henriette's Herbal), Ekimia (p. 7 of İstanbul Üniversitesi pdf file), and Aegokeras (Franz Hadacek) which is sometimes included in the more widespread Olymposciadium.

Turkey includes portions of three biodiversity hotspots: the Mediterranean Basin (Biodiversity Hotspots), the Caucasus (Biodiversity Hotspots), and the Irano-Anatolian (Biodiversity Hotspots). The Eastern Anatolian Deciduous Forests (EoE) and the Southern Anatolian Montane Conifer and Deciduous Forests (EoE) are important terrestrial ecoregions and the Anatolian Freshwater (WWF) is a key aquatic region.